7021NRS Research Based Assignment

Write a systematic/integrative review based on the research question and the search strategy you developed in Assessment 2. Within your assignment, you will have a summary of your final search strategy to elicit the highest quality articles to inform your review.Comply with selected journal’s author guidelines including headings, with the possible exception of their word limit. Although some journals.

This paper is based on the evidence based practice study. In this paper there is a description about the clear liquid diet and its effectiveness. This study describes that the adult patients from the age of 18-45 who is being prepared for some test or operation are on less risk as compared to the patients who is in fasting for long time.

Clear liquid diet – A clear liquid diet is a type of fluid that helps a patient to stay hydrated. It may consist of water, clear juices, tea or coffee. It is mainly used to provide rest to the gastrointestinal before doing a test or an operation. These liquids diets are used so that they can provide vitamins and minerals for generating energy so that it can keep our body hydrated (Hookey et al., 2017). This type of diet helps the patient by providing them important electrolytes and gives them energy when a proper diet cannot be provided to the patient.

As a part of surgical department, it is noticed that some of the patient used to do fasting for a long time without thinking about the condition of the patient and their surgery. It is obvious that the medical experts are proceeding with the customary method for "nil by mouth" from the midnight for any operations. The tradition of fasting before the operation is to diminish the risk of complications (Brown and Heuberger, 2014). Clear liquids incorporate water, natural product juice, clear genial, dark espresso and tea. As per Australian and New Zealand school of Anaesthetists, 2016 (ANZCA), it had been prescribed to take constrained non-greasy strong sustenance up to six hours and clear liquid weight control plans up to 2 hours preceding anaesthesia. It is not prescribed to apply the new fasting guideline to patients who are at the danger of peri-operative spewing forth or heaving (Smith et al., 2011). This incorporates patients experiencing crisis surgeries and those with associated deferred purging with gastric substance, and obstetric patients who are in the process of giving birth (Smith et al., 2011).

PICO question – Does the intake of clear fluid diet effective for the post operative patients from 18-45 on low risk as compared to the patients who are fasting from midnight?

P – Patients from 18-45 undergoing operation

I – Intake of clear fluid diet

C – Fasting from midnight

O – Reduction in the complications

Search strategy

Keywords search: clear fluid diet; clear liquid diet; post operations; post operative patients; fasting; effectiveness;.

A search was conducted in using EBSCO host database (CINAHL) using “fasting times before operations” and “effectiveness” for a period of last ten years from 2013 to 2017. This search had generated 12 results articles related to the search terms. Further systematic search carried out in five different databases which are CINAHL, Clinical knowledge Network (CKN), ClinicalKey (Elsevier), Cochrane library and MEDLINE.

An advanced search strategy was done by using the search terms separately in above mentioned selected databases for receiving the full text articles, which are in English language, peer-reviewed and from the year 2013-2017. The search terms used are “Clear fluid diet” AND (MH "Operating Systems") OR (MH "Operating Room Personnel") OR (MH "Students, Post-RN") (MH "Diet, Low Carbohydrate") OR (MH "Diet, Gluten-Free") OR (MH "Diabetic Diet") OR (MH "Restricted Diet")

(MH "Operating Systems") OR ("Operating Room Personnel") OR ("Students, Post-RN") The selection of articles also refined to English only academic articles and articles related to a group of adults aged from 18-45 year of age (Bozzetti & Mariani, 2014).

Electronic searches

The following electronic databases were searched for finding the journals or articles:

• The Cochrane Library
• Ovid MEDLINE
• Ovid EMBASE
• EBSCO CINAHL

Critique using CASP Tool

Effect of Early Post Caesarean Feeding on Gastrointestinal Complications

In this article, the authors Adeli et al., (2013) had addressed about the gastrointestinal complications in the patients of the caesarean section. The authors had clearly addressed that postoperative complications is the gastro intestinal problems causing ileus, nausea and vomiting and can cause a longer stay in hospital. 82 women were chosen for this study those who had gone through caesarean operation. The recruitment criteria of the participants include those who having a pregnancy, having a caesarean operation, a gestational age between 38 and 42 weeks. This group was treated with oral fluids after the four hours of surgery and then followed by regular diet (Crickmer et al., 2016).

As they were provided with the clear fluid diet they did not experienced any complications in their body. In this investigation none of the mothers were prohibited because of an absence of want for drinking. Begin of a normal eating regimen in the early bolstering bunch was shorter on the grounds that the first defecation time in the early-feeding group was not as much as the customary gathering. Their flatulence was less so moms had a tendency to eat sooner. Shamaeian Razavi, Malhotra and Teoh et al., additionally presumed that early liquid eating routine caused early customary eating routine and strong eating routine resilience in a shorter period (Kular et al., 2014). They did not felt any kind of nausea or vomiting and are able to stay in the normal position. This study was carried out by randomized controlled trial in which the participants are divided into two groups and the patients were provided with written information consent.

The trial was done properly on time and they were informed that both of the groups will be studied as randomized groups. The authors did not disclose the early feeds to the patients for keeping them blind to the treatment. The groups taken were similar at the beginning of the trial. The patients were randomizes immediately after surgery: the early fed group and the traditional group. The early fed group was provided with 30mL of clear fluid diet. If they can tolerate the fluid intake then the fluid diet is doubled and given to the patients. For the traditional group the patients were provided with 1.5 litre of fluid intravenously, if in these patients the bowel sounds are heard then they are allowed for the intake of clear fluid diet (Lau et al., 2014). The authors had taken the collected the data through questionnaire interviews and checklist. After this study the authors confirmed that the patients those who were fed immediately after the operation can be accepted and there are no significant chances of complications in the body.

Early versus delayed oral fluids and food for reducing complications after major abdominal gynaecologic surgery

In this article, Charoenkwan and Matovinovic (2014), had discussed about the early intake of clear liquid diet is good for the post operative patients. The authors described that the women having gynaecologic surgery are at a risk of complications such as vomiting, rupturing of the wound and gastrointestinal disruptions. Recuperation of bowel function was much faster in those with early feeding. There was no distinction in rates of sickness or retching, stomach distension, requirement for a postoperative nasogastric tube or time to first solid discharge, yet early sustaining was related with a shorter time to gut sounds and beginning of gas (D’Ugo et al., 2014). The early bolstering bunch continued a strong eating regimen 1½ days sooner than those have postponed encouraging and the clinic stay was one day shorter. Additionally, the early nourishing gathering was happier with the bolstering plan, albeit just a single report revealed this.

Early feeding seemed safe, without expanded postoperative confusions and with less irresistible inconveniences generally speaking. The authors had done a randomized controlled trial study in which they compared the effect of the intake of fluids for the post operative patients according to the time (Macarthur et al., 2015). For this study the authors had taken some papers and accepted the details for oral intake of liquid within 24 hours of post surgery. They then examine the data using mean difference and tables. The evidence that were collected was of moderate quality.  The limitations of the study were lack of blind examination which can influence the results and give some possible subjective outcomes such as self-reported symptoms or quality of life (Moss et al., 2015). Thus it can be suggested that eating and drinking before and after the surgery is safe and can help in reducing the length of the stay in hospital.The meanings of right on time and deferred nourishing timetable fluctuated among included investigations in that:

For the early sustaining gathering, the eating routine calendar connected in Amatyakul 2001, Minig 2009a, and Minig 2009b, had all the earmarks of being more forceful. In Amatyakul 2001, ladies were begun on a delicate eating routine in the morning of the main postoperative day and continued to a standard strong eating regimen on the second postoperative day. In Minig 2009a and Minig 2009b, members were offered fluids, mineral water (still), tea, chamomile mixture, or squeezed apple amid the initial 24 hours. In the event that no sickness and heaving, a consistent eating regimen of bubbled or flame broiled hamburger, chicken, or fish was given beginning on day 1 and proceeded for the whole clinic remain. In the rest of the examinations the members started an unmistakable fluid eating routine on the main postoperative day and after that best in class to a normal eating regimen as endured (Panis et al., 2014).

For the postponed nourishing gathering, the calendar utilized as a part of Amatyakul 2001 was marginally more traditionalist than others. After indications of the arrival of entrail work, ladies were permitted to have just tastes of water before progressing to a fluid eating regimen at night of that day, while in alternate examinations ladies were promptly begun on a fluid eating regimen after the nearness of those signs (Nguyen et al., 2016) . We take note of that the criteria for an arrival of gut work were comparative in all investigations.

Results

Steed 2002 announced the occurrence of postoperative ileus, which was characterized as more than two scenes of retching of no less than 100 ml each inside a 24-hour day and age, with related stomach distension and no entrail sounds. Alternate examinations in a roundabout way evaluated the event of postoperative ileus through the frequency of related postoperative gastrointestinal bleakness (Rey, 2013). Pearl 1998 revealed the rate of queasiness, regurgitating, stomach distension, and nasogastric tube utilize. Amatyakul 2001 announced the rate of spewing and stomach distension. Minig 2009 detailed force of stomach agony and nearness of queasiness and emesis. With respect to on postoperative time interims to the arrival of entrail work, time to the nearness of gut sound was accounted for in Pearl 1998,. Time to the principal entry of flatus and time to the start or resistance of strong nourishment were accounted for in Pearl 1998, Amatyakul 2001, Minig 2009a, and Minig 2009b. Amatyakul 2001, Minig 2009a, and Minig 2009b revealed time to the primary entry of stool.

An Exploratory Study: Clinical Dietitians Do Not View the Full Liquid Diet as Best Practice for the Post-operative Patient.

The clear liquid diet has been utilized as a transitional eating regimen for as long as 100 years. A full fluid eating routine contains nourishments that are fluid, or condense at room temperature, and are normally recommended to patients postoperatively in the healing facility setting. The present dietary progressions in numerous clinical settings incorporate changing from nil per Os (NPO) to an unmistakable fluid eating routine, to a full fluid eating regimen and to a standard eating routine or eating routine as endured preceding release (Sierzega et al., 2015). The full fluid eating regimen contains for the most part drain and drain based items including pudding, frozen yogurt, oats, cream of wheat, cream based soups, and some other fluid nourishments permitted on the reasonable fluid eating regimen. The utilization of the full fluid eating routine is not prescribed for more than one to three days without extra supplements recommended by enrolled dietitians (RDs).

  The full fluid eating routine has been utilized as a transitional eating routine for as long as 100 years. A full fluid eating routine contains nourishments that are fluid, or condense at room temperature, and are regularly recommended to patients postoperatively in the doctor's facility setting. The present dietary progressions in numerous clinical settings incorporate changing from nil per Os (NPO) to an unmistakable fluid eating routine, to a full fluid eating regimen and to a customary eating regimen or eating regimen as endured preceding release (Mills et al., 2015). The full fluid eating regimen contains fundamentally drain and drain based items including pudding, frozen yogurt, oats, cream of wheat, cream based soups, and some other fluid nourishments permitted on the unmistakable fluid eating routine. The utilization of the full fluid eating routine is not prescribed for more than one to three days without extra supplements recommended by registered dietitians (RDs).

De witt, (2015) done a qualitative study which includes the present advancement in diet Inna clinical setting that includes a transition from nil by mouth to a clear liquid diet, which is then passed on to full liquid diet and regular diet. In this paper the author had an electronic survey using software the survey results were then analysed using the statistical formulas. In the methodology part the survey was done in the Academy of nutrition and dietetics practice group was selected for the study The format for the survey was adopted from a survey which was created by Sofia young and tennis and then in 2009.  The survey was then sent to 1914 registered dietician. The information from the software where removed before the analyzation of the data and it was anonymously maintained. Out of the 1949 surveys delivered 25 responses were collected and the results were found that full liquid that provide sufficient energy and keep so patient hydrated but it is only appropriate for short term use and is harmful for the patients having diabetes.

Benefits of post-operative oral fluid supplementation in gastrointestinal surgery patients: A systematic review of clinical trials

The objective of this paper is to perform trials with examine the oral fluid supplementation in postoperative patients. Database searches (MEDLINE, BIOSIS, EMBASE, Cochrane Trials, Cinahl, and CAB), searches of reference lists of relevant papers, and expert referral were used to identify prospective randomized controlled clinical trials. The following terms were used to locate articles: “oral’’ or “enteral’’ and “postoperative care’’ or “post-surgical’’ and “fluids’’ or “milk fluids’’ or “dietary fluids’’ or “dietary supplements’’ or “nutritional supplements’’.

In this paper the clinical trials was studied from Publications between 1990 and 2014. The data of the studies were evaluated using qualitative assessment tool and the results were interpreted.

The clinical trials contains a randomised control study were examined where the oral dietary supplementation for human gastrointestinal Operations.  In this study the author excluded the papers which involved in iteration or did not specify the amount of fluid supplement it or patients who has supplemented by the time before operation only or not published in English (Matsumura et al., 2015).

Data were collected by using the trials in which the inclusion criteria were independently analysed and the discrepancies were resolved. The authors read the paper and identify that the risk of danger in case of postoperative gastrointestinal surgery. Sample taken gear range from 40 to 101.  A total number of 529 patients were involved among which 262 had an intervention participles overtaken are the patients involved in gastrointestinal surgery.  The nutritional status of these patients before the operation was different which some of them suffering from malnourishment. The intervention provided to the treatment group patients that they received a post of the dove nutritional supplement in addition with their normal diet.  While the control groups we are provided with the normal diet (Matsumura et al., 2015). According to the studies it can be concluded that the Clear fluid diet have positive effects in terms of the recovery of  a patient with the gastrointestinal surgery  rather than the patient w who is being provided with a normal diet.

In this way, examination of the qualified reports was hazardous. Constraints incorporated the way that protein and vitality content in TG supplements were not proportionate in a large portion of the investigations. To be sure, just the investigation by Saluja et al. depicted utilizing a settled measure of supplement for day by day utilization, while the rest of the examinations took after a "not obligatory" approach. Apparently, the last approach best mirrors "genuine living" clinical situations, nonetheless it makes recognizing the genuine impact of protein supplementation troublesome. Moreover, the attributes of the patient associates were not proportionate between thinks about, jumbling between ponder examinations. For instance, the examination by Saluja et al occurred in Delhi and incorporated a more prominent extent of crisis surgery patients, and patients with tuberculosis, contrasted and the non-rising techniques portrayed in the Western European reports.

In addition, insufficient line up time with control and TGs was basic crosswise over investigations, with some danger of inclination related with absence of blinding of members, carers and assessors (Vanhauwaert et al., 2015). The energy of the investigations was frequently too little, with one creator yielding remarkably that "numbers were too little for significant factual analysis" and goal to treat examination was not utilized as a part of any of the examinations. At long last, the latest of the qualified trials found in our inquiries was distributed in 2004, apparently reflecting either a move in intrigue far from oral admission for enteral and parenteral nourishment in this populace or an accentuation set on conventional eating routine without supplement.

Feasibility and Outcomes of Early Oral Feeding After Total Gastrectomy for Cancer

The aim of this paper is to analyse the application of providing oral liquid diet before the operation to a patient.  In this study the medical records of 353 patients were analysed who went through gastrectomy.  These patients were provided with clear liquid diet on the day of operation which is gradually followed by the solid diet before the day of operation. In the methodology part the author has described that the database of all the patients who were treated with gastric cancer (Melicharkova et al., 2013).  Including the demographics details of the surgical procedures and pathophysiological parameters were collected. Study was Limited period of 2006 to 2012. All the procedures were carried out under the supervision of senior surgeons who has treated almost 100 patients with gastric surgery. Initially the patient were provided with oral friends on the postoperative before that was followed by a soft that on the 5 and from there a regular solid. Early provision of oral diet did not increase postoperative morbidity, including compromised integrity of an esophagojejunal anastomosis, in this homogenous population of Western patients undergoing total gastrectomy for cancer.

Therefore, such nutritional intervention can be safely adapted to accelerated patient recovery protocols. Because of the disadvantages characteristic in companion thinks about, this report has a few restrictions (Stolpman et al., 2015). The investigation was not arranged as a formal ERAS convention, and along these lines, not all components of the perioperative pathway could be institutionalized, e.g., length of skin cut or early ambulation separate. In spite of the way that every one of the information were gathered tentatively utilizing institutionalized structures, the absence of randomization and review examination is possibly connected with choice predisposition among patients treated in a high volume focus as proposed by low rates of anastomotic disappointments.

References

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