49006 Risk Management in Engineering

How would you have done things differently
• What should have been the barriers that prevented the failure occurring
• What lessons were learnt from this failure
• What were changes and/or improvements to Law, Codes, Standards,work practices and technology that flowed from this failure

• Define the Inherent Risk.
• Describe in detail the causal chain (ie show causality from the root cause(s) to the failure event) and provide a causal diagram for each failure.
• Conduct a risk assessment to quantitatively verify the magnitude of the risk exposure in terms of deaths/injuries/damages/costs using a recognised method.
• Would the pre-failure mitigation have passed the HSE Tolerability of Risk (ToR) test (ie you need to demonstrate the consequences of the failure in terms of deaths/injuries/damages/costs to confirm whether they were/weren’t 10x or more greater than the sacrifice/investment entailed with the implementation of any pre-accident countermeasures).

The report is based on risk management in engineering, which discusses six Australian based engineering failures according to six types of categories. The categories are large and localized, medium and localized, small and localized, large and widespread, medium and widespread as well as small and widespread. After analyzing various failures, the engineer learnt the causes of the hazards and incidents as well as reduction of the occurrence of failures. The sex Australian based cases, which are taken in this particular report, are resulting into human and property damages.

This particular report analyzed different failures and highlighted the lessons learned from the engineering failures. Lessons learned are helpful for the engineers to forecast as well as avoid the identified failures. All the identified failures are discussed based on its failure barriers, lessons learnt and improvements in law, codes and standards from the failure. The factors that lead to engineering projects failure are human error and failure to comply with the laws, codes as well as standards.    

A. Large and localized

1) Background of the failure

A large and localized failure in Granville train accident in the year 1977 is due to poor track condition and error from the operator. Train derailments are considered as unlikely events. This incident is most disastrous rail accident in Australia that stopped the entire rail track. It leads to widespread statewide investigation in order to conclude the failure modes of this particular incident [1]. This failure should be avoided by hiring a maintenance team. The rail departments should require implementing more precise safety controls such as maintenance audits. Regular training of safety skills as well as increase in education towards the safety standards should be given to the employees working the rail. There are safety barriers, which are preventing the failure to occur.

From this failure, it is learnt that there is require implementing monitoring as well as control methods that are revised to be proper. All the staffs should be encouraged about safety measures and standards. It is recommended to not to use trains that are already involved into collision as it is a high risk when dealing with lives of people [3].  The Granville accident resulted into changes in the emergency response system within Australia. The difficulties are the site control. The current are the dangers of chances of collapse of bridges into the trapped survivors as well as explosion from the leakage of gases from the heating system of train.

The inherent risk in this case is that loss of financial assets of the rail industry. In series of disasters involved with transportation of dangerous goods in Australia, it is good to see if people are working to bring the cost down.

 3) Casual chain and casual diagram

The casual chain defines that the Granville train accident was caused due to poor track condition. The defects are identified with failures reaching into the highest echelons of Public Transport Commission (PTC). It also caused due to worse high turnover of the track inspection staffs before the occurrence of disaster [7]. Budgetary constraints are also considered as a factor. The PTC ran at loss of hundreds of missions of dollars in a year. The casual diagram is in (Appendix Figure-1).

4) Risk Assessment

From the above risk assessment table, the impact of the risk on people are rated 3 and probability is 3, therefore assessment risk is 9. Therefore, it falls under tolerable region. The pre-failure mitigation has passed the HSE tolerability risk as the rail department has taken rail prevention measures to inspect the rail tracks.

5) Pre-failure mitigation

The following are the pre-failure mitigation strategies for the Granville train accident 1997:  

1. On board detection system is used identify the railroad’s and it is also used to remove and mitigate the defects and causes of rail accidents.
2. The senior emergency personnel should require to train about the disaster management, crisis management for safety of heath of the passengers [10].
3. Sensitivity analysis requires to conduct to train rates that certain train accident causes are reduced.
4. Rail prevention measures are taken into account such as inspection of the rail track, repairing of the rail as well as renewal [6].
5. Inspection regarding track geometry as well as maintenance is done to overcome with the rail accidents.

6) HSE tolerability risk

From the above risk assessment table, the impact of the risk on people are rated 3 and probability is 3, therefore assessment risk is 9. Therefore, it falls under tolerable region. The pre-failure mitigation has passed the HSE tolerability risk as the rail department has taken rail prevention measures to inspect the rail tracks (Appendix Figure - 2).

B. Medium and localized

1) Background of the failure

A medium and localized failure in Thredbo landslide 1997 is due to structural failure. It is due to water leakage from the pipe. In the year 1997, this incident is disastrous within the New South Wales. The landslide incident kills 18 of people and considered as most catastrophic landslide [4]. A pivotal scene is influencing changes within the Australian Geomechanic Society in order to mitigate the technical paper “Landslide risk management concepts ad guidelines”. Suddenly, there is a alpine way collapses from damage to the water main as well as pressure comes from the heavy rain, results into melt the snow as well as waterlogged landfill. 2000 square meters of liquefied soil currents down the side of mountain.

As per the NSW coroner’s report, the water causes the Thredbo landslide from the leaking of water main that had never approved. Alpine are unstable and it is never constructed for intended use. Soil creep causes the main fracture that saturates the slope, which is already stable, and results into collapse. The Thredbo landslide incident was triggered by the human carelessness. Due to inadequate structural stability of the Thredo village and unstable Alpine way, this landslide had occurred. Therefore, the combination of misengineered water main as well as neglecting of Alpine way is the main causes that could be avoided at highest priority. Proper safety measures are the barriers to prevent it from occurring. The lessons learned from this case are conduction of risk assessment; review and update of organizational procedures and evacuation of the methods require monitoring and utilizing to maximum effects. Cost within the court settlements as well as post incident construction exceeds the cost for the initial compliance in the safety standards.

2) Inherent risk

The inherent risk in the Thredbo landslide is loss of financial properties, people and human. Approximately, 100 of people are trapped in the collapsed buildings. Two of the buildings are destroyed and there is a death toll of approximately 18 people. Therefore, there are loss of both human and properties [9]. Landslides are the inherent risks with areas of higher slope as well as it is amplified by higher precipitation, low stability of the soil as well as human development.

3) Casual chain and casual diagram

The casual chain defines that there are two main causes of the Thredbo landslide such as ground conditions as well as physical processes. Under the ground conditions, there are weathered materials, sheared material and jointed materials. On the other hand, under the physical processes, there are some causes factors such as rapid melt of the snow, leakage of water, soil creep and loading of the slope. There is leaking of water main that had never approved and therefore it is critical structural failure. Soil creep causes the main fracture that saturates the slope, which is already stable, and results into collapse causes landslide. The casual diagram is in (Appendix Figure - 3).

4) Risk assessment

5) Pre-failure mitigation

The landslide mitigations are referred to the construction as well as manmade activities on the slope that will lessen the soil creep and reduces the effect of the landslides. The following are some of the methods:

1. Geometric methods: There should be a change within geometry of the hillside of the Thredbo village. It will cost around $ 5.88.
2. Hydrogeological methods: There is an attempt to low the level of groundwater and reduce the content of water of the materials. It will cost around $ 10.
3. Mechanical methods: There is an attempt to increase the length of shear of unstable mass as well as introduction of the active external forces. It will cost around $ 10.

6) HSE tolerability risk

From the above risk assessment table, three of the risks have assessment risk rate of 6,9 and 6. Therefore, it falls under tolerable region. The pre-failure mitigation has passed the HSE tolerability risk as the landslide is mitigated by use of three methods (Appendix Figure - 4).

C. Small and localized

1) Background of the failure

A small and localized failure in Soccer goal post collapse 2003 is due to poor design as well as poor quality of the materials. Soccer is considered as one of the friendly as well as largest growing team sport within Australia. Various types of dangerous are growing in this type of sport and it came true in the year 2003, when there is a collapse of the goal post [11]. Within this, the main concern is threat of the tipping and collapsing of the goal post on the players as well as spectators. In the year 1986, it was reported that seven children are being killed by this same incident. It was repeated in the year 2003, when a young girl of 3 years old was being struck in her head due to collapse of the goal post. The main cause of this incident is lack of research as well as precaution of the design of goal post [14].

Therefore, it is one type of design failure. Poor design as well as poor material qualities are leading to this collapse of the goal post. This particular event leads to NSW department of the fair trading consulting of the UTS engineering for conducting research as well as development of new goal posts. The barrier of this incident is proper design of the goal post with use of best quality of materials, products as well as goods. The goal post collapse incident could avoid if there are no such extensive work, which are done to have new design in order to post prior to death of the young girl. The materials, which are used for construction of the goal post, should be of good quality and lighter materials. Lighter materials should be used as with use of heavy materials the goal post should be easily collapsed.

In order to avoid the risk of the disasters such as the Soccer goal post collapse 2003, the design of the goal post should be based on AS-As 4866.1-2007. The possible methods, which are used such as net attachment method, unexpected collapse, proper labeling of the goal post, impact hazard and stability. The goal post must require passing in order to comply with the standards such as fall over test + static load test. The other methods are weight test and horizontal pull test. The lessons, which are learnt from this event, are that in order to construct a goal post, proper design should be learnt so that there is no possibility of collapse of goal post. The engineer should select best materials for construct the goal post.

2) Inherent risk

The inherent risk in this case loss is when the local media dubbed this particular incident to a freak accident. The inherent risk is that the children are facing when the goal posts are being unsecured, especially for those that are portable.

3) Casual chain and casual diagram

For this particular event, the causes for this risk are poor quality of the materials that are used to construct the goal post. The second cause is when the design of the goal post is not up-to-the mark that is best suited with the client’s requirements. The causal chain analysis is provided with respect to the functional aspect involved within this case study. These are explained with respect to the following diagram: (Appendix Figure - 5).

5) Pre-failure mitigation

The pre-failure mitigation is required to pass the HRE risk tolerability magnitude test. In order to do overcome with this incident, the following mitigation steps are taken into account:

Good quality of materials: The goal post should be designed with use of lighter materials so that it can lessen the chances of broken of goal post.

Strict procedures for construct of goal post: The organization should research on UTS engineering for conducting research as well as development of new goal posts. The design of the goal post should be based on AS-As 4866.1-2007.

6) HSE tolerability risk

From the above risk assessment table, the risk has assessment risk rate of 3 and 4. Therefore, it falls under unacceptable region. The pre-failure mitigation has not passed the HSE tolerability risk it takes the life of a young girl due to poor design and poor material quality. (Appendix Figure - 6)

D. Large and widespread

1) Background of the failure

A large and widespread failure in Esso Longford gas explosion 1998 occurred due to failure in supply of gas. It was considered as catastrophic industrial accidents that are occurred in Victoria’s Gippsland region. The result of this incident was killing of two workers as well as injured eight workers. The supply of gas of Victoria was being affected for two of the weeks [34]. Esso had not carried out any critical hazards in identification of their gas industry processes, standards in their industry, such as HAZOP means, “Hazard and Operability Study”. This particular procedure consists of imagining all the things result into wrong processing of plants as well as engineering solutions in order to mitigate the problems [5]. There is also failure of the safety management system audit that was one of the causes of this gas explosion incident. The proposed HAZOP of the gas plant leads to resource constraints. The Royal Commission criticizes the safety management system as well as audit of the system. It consists of complex management system.

There are failures of incident reporting system that leads to this incident at Longford. Before the incident, there is ice, which was visible on the piping that becomes too hot to touch. As a barrier to the incident and purpose to prevent the incident, the gas plant should design a reporting system so that they can avert this type of disaster. The lessons that are learnt from this incident that the gas plant should update and proper maintenance of incident and reporting system that can useful to overcome with this types of incidents. The gas plant should require implementing proper health and safety measures for the workers.

2) Inherent risk

The risks related to this particular incidents are leakage of gas, gas fires, natural disasters, explosions as well as pipeline ruptures. This types of risks cause environmental pollution, death of people and personal injuries with damage to the properties.

3) Cause chain and casual diagram

From the cause diagram in (Appendix Figure - 7), it is seen that the causes related to this incident are failure into the gas supply system. The gas plant also had not carried out any critical hazards in identification of their gas industry processes, standards in their industry. There is also failure of the safety management system audit and failures of incident reporting system that leads to this incident at Longford.

 4) Risk assessment

5) Pre-failure mitigation and HSE tolerability risk

The following are the hazard and safety strategies for the gas plant so that they can overcome with the hazards:

1. Identification of the areas of the uncertainty based on characterization of the ignition sources
2. Hazardous safety measures are taken on time.
3. There should be promotion of consistent methodology within the location of the detectors in order to maximize the effectiveness of detectors

From the above risk assessment table, most of the risks are high. Therefore, it falls under unacceptable region. The pre-failure mitigation has not passed the HSE tolerability risk (Appendix Figure - 8)

E. Medium and widespread

1) Background of the failure

The selected case study within this assignment is the contamination of water within Bowen and Surat Basins, Queensland in the year of 2013. The country has experienced the presence of some organic substances within CSG water samples. The government has analyzed these potential aspect and they have identifi3ed organic substances that are harmful for human [40]. In contrast with these facts, the surveys done on this aspect some records are collected and these collected records reveals that there are presence of  polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) within the 27% of the samples of CSG water taken from Walloon Coal.

PAHs is identified from the sources of wells and these includes naphthalene, phenanthrene chrysene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene etc within the water samples that was selected as harmful element for the users of this water.  In contrast with these facts, the likelihood of the considered organic compounds from coal samples leaching to the groundwater is assessed with respect to the considered toxicity leaching experiments used by the coal rank and water chemistry. All of these tests suggest that the organic compounds are having higher molecular weight from the higher rank of coals. Therefore, all of these chemical reactions and functional activities encompassed by the organic samples of the water need to be perfect and more functional for analyzing the main cause behind the contamination and these are analyzed with respect to the analysis of the functional aspects studied within this assignment that reveals the barriers, potential impactful areas of this case.  

According to the study of the case, it is found that the engineers play a great role in solving the issues and functional problems involved within the contamination process with respect to process of contamination involved within the Queensland incident. In accordance with the study of case here industrial engineers are responsible in mitigating the contamination involved within the water samples [15]. The industrial engineers are capable of providing the solutions measures for managing the contamination of water with respect to the case of Queensland in the year of 2013. If the engineers managed the organic compounds that included within the drinking water of Queensland.

In case of pollution prevention processes the industrial engineers are capable of developing the ways to alter the sources of wastes involved within the chemical industry. This aspect controls the contaminations within the industrial sectors [19]. The industrial engineers call the environmental engineers when they need the support in managing the industrial wastes involved within the industry. The industrial engineers are capable of managing the following aspects: internal waste, methods of removing waste at the generation centers, creation of standards for improving the process and minimization of the non- value added activity.

There needed to adopt various identical measures for preventing the risks involved within the water contamination issues [23]. There are various issues involved within contamination of water within Queensland. These identified barriers are elaborated as follows:

Consideration of toxins in CSG water: Consideration of the toxins involved within the CSG water should be considered for managing the issues of contamination involved within the CSG waters. The considered water contamination is taken into consideration for managing the issues for constipating problems involved within the CSG water [26]. If these are concerned at the beginning of the process then this contamination could be prevented.

Identification of carcinogen: Identification of carcinogen is another barrier that can easily prevent the contamination issue involved within the CSG water. The CSG governments and engineers involved within this project if considered the involvement of carcinogen then the contamination issue could be easily managed and prevented.

Rigorous analysis: Hazards are involved within the cases of contamination that manages and introduces various issues and functional disorders within the water supplies [29]. Therefore, this can be stated that the water supply heads if take the rigorous analysis into their account then they can easily manage the contamination issues and problems. This can manage health risks and their impacts on human health conditions.

Community Study: Community study is another important aspect that needs to be managed with respect to the surveys done on the local people of CSG with respect to the self- reported respiratory and skin related issues involved within the contamination of CSG water issues [46]. The people should stay at least 1 kilometer away from the gas wells and water refining plants.

According to the reviews of chief scientist many complexities as well as risks are involved in the case of CSG extracting issue. This is identified that the CSG water plant can be easily managed with respect to the whole of environment. In addition to this, implementation of some effective regulations and laws will also prevent the contamination of water of CSG. Liability insurance and fix mechanisms should take into account for managing water resources.

There are various acts present that manage the confirmation issues involved within the water pollution issues. Some of the acts are Marine Navigation Levy Act 1989, Protection of the Sea (Shipping Levy) Act 1981, Protection of the Sea (Imposition of Contributions to Oil Pollution Compensation Fund - General) Act 1993 etc are the considered acts that needs to be introduced within the contamination of water of CSG.

2) Inherent risk

The main inherent risks involved within this case is the contamination of the CSG water is contamination of water due to the involvement of different organic compounds within the water samples of CSG [17]. This involves bad health conditions of human as maximum number of wells in this area are affected due to this contamination. According to the data sets collected this is found that total 47 wells has been affected due to this contamination in between the year of 2009 to 2010. There are common organic compounds that are introduced within the water samples of CSG.

3) Casual chain and casual diagram

The causal loop analysis is involves following aspects with respect to the functional areas of the concerned case study: (Appendix Figure – 9)

Immediate causes- Contamination of organic compound

Underlying causes- Lack of proper measure for

Root causes- Contamination of harmful elements

Impacts- Contamination of in well

Policy responses- Pollution impacts

4) Risk assessment

This case study is elaborating about the Sydney Water Crisis Cryptosporidium and Giardia contamination case study. This event was taken into account the small and widespread event failure that was caused for the engineering failure within Sydney in the year of 1998. There are total 11 dams situated within Sydney. Among all of these dams Warragamba Dam is the one that covers 9050 km2.There were various significant incidents that showed the damage involved within Sydney water contamination issue [2]. In 21^st July, this is first time when C&G traced were found within Sydney. Next on 24^th July, C & G traces was growing for increasing the intensity of the Sydney water. On 27^th July, first boil warning for CBD issued within Sydney. On 29^th July 2^nd boil warning issued for the residents staying in Darling harbor. On 30^th July there was the third boiling issue. On 4^th August, Sydney water was declared the infection was back to the normal stage.

There are various aspects and important measures that could be taken into account for managing the incidents and functional as well as non-functional disasters involved within this incident [32]. Following aspects could be avoided for managing the contamination issues: regular check up of water quality for managing the issues, increase of the site staffs, and constant dam maintenance policy implementation within Sydney for managing the contamination issues within the country. In contrast with these functional aspects involved within Sydney water contamination issue, according to the Sydney Catchment Authority arranged some steps for managing various issues involved within this country. Proactive measures were taken into account for managing development of the water production processes. Negligence in case of dirking water filtration and production events the government has taken various measures into their considerations.

The barriers are considered within this case are the functional aspects that can be considered for solving the contamination issue involved within Sydney Water plants. Therefore, some identified barriers are elaborated as follows:

Lack of potential observation: If the government and responsible heads over the drinking water and useful waters of Sydney took potential observations for managing the efficient step for managing water issues and problems then this water pollution did not happen within the system of the country.  

Efficient care for the drinking water: Efficient care for drinking water should be taken into account for managing the issues related to contaminations involved within the water resources. Therefore, these aspects need to be managed by the government and regulatory bodies of the country. Therefore, this can be considered as one barrier.

Contaminations of organic wastes: Contaminations of organic wastes are considered for managing the quality of water that keep the water purified with respect to various wastes [33].

This case study is revealing information about the prevention and protection of water sources that are affected by the organic wastes or chemical resources for lack of care and preventive measure. This case study is revealing the potential barriers and functional areas of considerations.  

Following are the considered acts and laws that needs to be managed and considered for managing the security of water resources which are being contaminated: Sydney Water Act 1994, Marine Navigation Levy Act 1989, Protection of the Sea (Shipping Levy) Act 1981 etc.

2) Inherent risk

The main inherent risk involved within this case study is contamination of water by Cryptosporidium and Giardia elements involved within the water specimens [44]. These are contaminated because of lack of consideration of care and security measures required for making the water safe.

3) Casual chain and casual diagram

The causal chain analysis is provided with respect to the functional aspect involved within this case study. These are explained with respect to the following diagram: (Appendix 9)

The types of dangerous are growing in this type of sport and it came true in the year 2003, when there is a collapse of the goal post. Within this, the main concern is threat of the tipping and collapsing of the goal post on the players as well as spectators. In the year 1986, it was reported that seven children are being killed by this same incident. It was repeated in the year 2003, when a young girl of 3 years old was being struck in her head due to collapse of the goal post. The main cause of this incident is lack of research as well as precaution of the design of goal post. Therefore, it is one type of design failure [47].

Poor design as well as poor material qualities are leading to this collapse of the goal post. This particular event leads to NSW department of the fair trading consulting of the UTS engineering for conducting research as well as development of new goal posts. The barrier of this incident is proper design of the goal post with use of best quality of materials, products as well as goods [36]. The goal post collapse incident could avoid if there are no such extensive work, which are done to have new design in order to post prior to death of the young girl. The materials, which are used for construction of the goal post, should be of good quality and lighter materials. Lighter materials should be used as with use of heavy materials the goal post should be easily collapsed.

In order to avoid the risk of the disasters such as the Soccer goal post collapse 2003, the design of the goal post should be based on AS-As 4866.1-2007. The possible methods, which are used such as net attachment method, unexpected collapse, proper labeling of the goal post, impact hazard and stability. The goal post must require passing in order to comply with the standards such as fall over test + static load test [37]. The other methods are weight test and horizontal pull test. The lessons, which are learnt from this event, are that in order to construct a goal post, proper design should be learnt so that there is no possibility of collapse of goal post. The engineer should select best materials for construct the goal post.

The causal loop analysis is involves following aspects with respect to the functional areas of the concerned case study: (Appendix Figure -12)

Immediate causes- Contamination of Cryptosporidium

Underlying causes- Contamination of chemical elements

Root causes- Contamination

Impacts- Rise in pollution level

Policy responses- Impactful pollution

4) Risk assessment

5) HSE Tolerability of Risk (ToR) Test

The case study has higher impact on the health of the human those used that water for the purpose of their drinking. Almost 165 pumps and 261 service revisers were affected through cryptosporidium and giardia viruses. Therefore, according to the figure, the required position for this event is intolerable. This affected huge amount of people through cryptosporidium and giardia viruses. (Appendix Figure -13)

It is concluded that in order to overcome with the engineering failures, regular training of safety skills as well as increase in education towards the safety standards should be given to the employees. It is also learned that within the organization, there is require implementing monitoring as well as control methods so that the workers are not harmed. Risk assessment is required to be done so that all possible risks within the failures are mitigated properly.

Training on disaster management: The workers working within the organization should give training on disaster management, crisis management for safety of them.

Inspection and proper maintenance: All the equipments and devices are properly inspected before it is used.

Identification of the areas of the uncertainty: The management of any organization or industry should identify the area where there is possibility of any hazards.

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