BIOL121 Human Biological Science

Question 1

Which type of immunity is expressed in the following scenarios? Choose between:

• Non-specific (first line defence)
• Non-specific (second line defence)
• Specific (antibody-mediated)
• Specific (cell-mediated immunity)

Question 2

Choose TWO of the below scenarios and highlight these rows bold.  State which general property of adaptive immunity the scenario illustrates in the second column. Select ONE phrase (from the list below) that BEST describes what is happening at a cellular level to result in this property of adaptive immunity. Write the letter corresponding to this phrase in the third column.

Question 3

Which bone cells would be MOST affected by an absence of parathyroid hormone?  In you answer, you must explain the relationship between these cells and any subsequent effect upon blood calcium levels.  

Question 4

Define hypertrophy and use an example to explain how this term relates to skeletal muscle tissue.  

Question 5

Think about how the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system acts to maintain normal blood pressure. Susan has sustained damage to her adrenal glands.  Consequently, her circulating levels of aldosterone are abnormally low.   What do you expect the lack of aldosterone to do to Susan’s blood pressure? Explain your answer. 

Question 6

Tasma is enjoying a night out at the pub with her friends.  It is well established that alcohol inhibits the secretion of ADH.  Explain how this will affect her urine output. 

Question 7

Haemophilia is the oldest known hereditary bleeding disorder.  Explain why haemophilia is more commonly seen in males.

Question 8

Describe the changes in volume and pressure inside the chest cavity during a normal, quiet inhalation.

1. Explain why these changes are occurring, and the effect upon airflow.

1. Is quiet inhalation an active process?  Briefly explain your answer.

Question 9

1. Complete the below table of partial pressures in internal respiration.
2. Use to the figures above to explain how differences in partial pressures drive the direction of gas movement between the tissues and blood.

Question 10

A person with type O blood has been involved in a car accident and excessive bleeding necessitates a blood transfusion.  Due to an error by a careless laboratory technician, the person is given type B blood.  Explain what will happen.

Question 11

Explain how baroreceptors are involved in a situation where a short period of widespread vasoconstriction has been detected.  How do these receptors then assist the body to respond to the situation? 

Question 12

The Wigger’s diagram (below) represents pressure and volume relationships in the left side of the heart during one cardiac cycle.  To answer this question, you should focus on the changes in pressure in different chambers of, or vessels leading from, the left side of the heart.

Question 13

The below pictures illustrate phases of haemostasis. Choose ONE of the pictures.  State which phase of haemostasis is depicted.  You must also provide a brief description of your chosen phase.  Highlight your chosen row in bold.  Note: it is not necessary to label parts of the diagrams, but you may do so if it will help you explain the phases.
 

Question 14

The following questions relate to the role and importance of a spinal reflex in the body.

Complete the table below to summarise the FIVE anatomical units of the reflex arc (column 1).  Use the patellar reflex to provide an example for the blank anatomical units (column 2).

Using the patellar reflex as an example, explain the purpose of a neural reflex.

Question 15

Name the region of the brain responsible for regulation of breathing and blood pressure.  Would you expect damage in this region to be fatal?  Why?

Question 16

Using the diagram provided as a prompt, outline the four steps involved in the transmission of an electrical impulse from the presynaptic neurone to the post synaptic neurone.

Question 17

List two (2) differences between the external and internal urethral sphincters. The differences must relate to structure, function or innervation of these sphincters.

Question 18

Glucose and protein (e.g. albumin) are substances normally found in blood.  For each of these molecules, answer the following questions in the table below. Assume you are discussing what happens in a healthy person.

a) Describe what happens to each substance at the glomerulus. Explain why/why not the substance will move into the tubule system.

b) If the substance moves into the tubule system, describe what happens to the substance along the tubule system. Explain why.

c) Do you expect to find each substance in the urine? Explain why or why not.