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CID460
UK
University of Sunderland
The chosen condition to carry out the systematic review for the assignment is diabetes. It has been found that diabetes is known to be a disease that tends to occur when the blood glucose which is also known as blood sugar of an individual is high. Moreover, blood glucose is known to be the main source of energy that comes from the food people eat. Researchers have stated that insulin which is the hormone made by the pancreas is the one that helps glucose from the meal get into the cells of the individuals to be used for energy. Moreover, some of the general types of interventions that have been provided to improve the health of a diabetic patient include regular exercise, healthy eating, losing weight, monitoring of blood sugar and possibly medication for diabetes or insulin therapy along with avoiding to consume meals having high sugars (Rechenberg & Koerner, 2021).
Cognitive behavioural therapy is known to be talking therapy which helps people in managing their problems by changing the way they think and behave. It is most commonly used to treat depression and anxiety but can also be useful for other health problems such as diabetes which contains increased thirst, blurred vision, unexplained weight loss and many more. Similarly, this intervention can help diabetic patients in improving their HbA1c by changing their way of thinking. This assignment aims to critically evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy intervention to enhance health for people with long-term conditions of diabetes as a chronic health illness.
Search strategies are those which helps in sourcing the data. An effective strategy of search helps in data collection in a precise manner. The databases used for collecting the information for this topic include search engines such as Google (2018-2022), WHO (2021-2022). The search terms which were used to find the information included “intervention for diabetes”, “impact of behavioural cognitive therapy on diabetes” and many more.
| Inclusive | Exclusive |
| · Randomised controlled trials. | · Blogs and Wikipedia were excluded. |
| · Only peer reviewed journals were used. | · Studies of men participants were excluded. |
| · Studies using female participants. | · Unauthorised websites were also not considered. |
The selection criteria which were followed to find the articles related to the interventions of diabetes was randomised controlled trials. RCTs are known to be prospective studies that help in measuring the effectiveness of the intervention or any treatment. However, no study can show causation on its own, random sampling lowers bias and offers a rigorous technique for examining cause-effect linkages between therapy and its result.
Literature | Authors | Review | Study aims | Study design | Type of sample | Outcome measures |
| Is Cognitive Behavioural Therapy focusing on Depression and Anxiety Effective for People with Long-Term Physical Health Conditions? A Controlled Trial in the Context of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | (Wroe, et al., 2018). | T2DM is a disorder characterised by elevated blood glucose due to increased insulin sensitivity as well as impaired insulin synthesis to complement the processed carbohydrate load, according to the authors. Controlling blood sugars (glycaemic control) is required for treatment, which can be achieved through lifestyle changes, medications, or the usage of insulin injections. As a result, psychological therapy may aid in the reduction of depressive symptoms. | The aims of the study were to evaluate the effectiveness of a psychological intervention which was modified and was focusing on anxiety and depression for individuals with diabetes compared with control intervention of cognitive behavioural therapy. | The researchers used RCT randomised research design which was conducted and diabetes patients with clinically meaningful depression were studied. | Here, the researchers used the probability sampling method by selecting few criteria and choosing specific individuals having diabetes to help them with the intervention.
| The results of the study stated that the diabetes specific treatment intervention related to behavioural cognitive therapy helped patients to link their moods with the management of the condition. Additionally, the diabetes specific treatment interventions also demonstrated some improvements in self-management of diabetes for diet, blood checking and many more. |
| Systematic review and meta-analysis of psychological interventions in people with diabetes and elevated diabetes-distress | (Schmidt, et al., 2018). | When compared to the general population, patients with Type 1 as well as Type 2 mellitus have higher degrees of non mental anguish (depression, anxiety), which has a detrimental impact on quality of health and life consequences. As a result, the authors demonstrated that psychological therapies were more successful than lifestyle changes and education in lowering mental health issues in diabetic patients. | The aims of the study were to investigate the effectiveness of psychological therapies for persons with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes who have high levels of diabetes-related stress. | The researchers used RCT randomised research design which was conducted and diabetes patients with clinically meaningful depression were studied. | The researchers used the probability sampling method by selecting few criteria and choosing specific individuals and included only the mean group diabetes-distress values above the baseline cut-off or the results of a subgroup over the baseline cut-off were used. | The study presented the results by stating that psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy specific to diabetes are beneficial in decreasing high diabetes-distress levels. |
| The effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy for depressed patients with diabetes: A systematic review | (Kanapathy & Bogle, 2019). | Many factors, according to the authors, have a role in the development of depression in people with diabetes. Furthermore, depression has a detrimental impact on life for individuals with diabetes, hence CBT was found to be useful in treating depression sufferers. | The aim of the study was to see if cognitive behavioural therapy is useful in lowering depression symptoms and increasing glycaemic control in diabetes patients who are depressed. | The researchers used RCT randomised research design which was conducted and diabetes patients with clinically meaningful depression were studied. | The researchers used the probability sampling method and included only depressed diabetic patients having type 1 and type 2 diabetes. | The results showed the positive relationship between cognitive behavioural therapy and depressive symptoms with improved self-efficacy as well as self-concept. |
| Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Self-efficacy in Women with Gestational Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial | (Bakhteh, et al., 2018). | GDM (gestational diabetes mellitus) is by far the biggest common condition that generates stress and anxiety in pregnant moms, according to the authors. Developing self-efficacy in attempting to improve one's lifestyle can help manage this illness. As a result, they found that BT enhanced self-efficacy in expectant females with GDM. Cognitive therapy should be available in health centres and diabetic clinics to help these women improve their lifestyles and avoid diabetes type II in females with Gestational diabetes. | The aim of the study was to study the effective CBT on women self-efficacy. | The researchers used RCT randomised research design which was conducted and diabetes patients with clinically meaningful depression were studied. | Probability sampling method was used as only women were included in the clinical trial. | CBT was found to improve the self-efficacy of women having gestational diabetes. |
| A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive behaviour therapy for patients with diabetes and depression | (Li, et al., 2017). | Diabetes mellitus (DM) is among the major health crises of the twenty-first century, according to the authors. As a result, psychological therapies such as CBT can be used to help people control their diabetes. It can aid in the reduction of depression symptoms by enhancing the ability to recognise and reconsider unfavourable thoughts that influence moods and behaviours. | The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for people with diabetes with concomitant depression and determine which areas can be improved by intervention. | The researchers used RCT randomised research design which was conducted and diabetes patients with clinically meaningful depression were studied. | The researchers used the probability sampling method by selecting few criteria and choosing specific individuals having diabetes to help them with the intervention.
| The results stated that the CBT groups demonstrated statistically substantial, long-term reductions in depression as compared to the control groups. |
Bakhteh, A., Kolivand, M., Asadi, N., Rezaei, M., & Jaberghaderi, N. (2018). Effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on self-efficacy in women with gestational diabetes: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 28(165), 78-86.
Kanapathy, J., & Bogle, V. (2019). The effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy for depressed patients with diabetes: A systematic review. Journal of Health Psychology, 24(1), 137-149.
Li, C., Xu, D., Hu, M., Tan, Y., Zhang, P., Li, G., & Chen, L. (2017). A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive behavior therapy for patients with diabetes and depression. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 95, 44-54.
Rechenberg, K., & Koerner, R. (2021). Cognitive behavioral therapy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: An integrative review. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 60, 190-197.
Schmidt, C. B., van Loon, B. P., Vergouwen, A. C. M., Snoek, F. J., & Honig, A. (2018). Systematic review and metaâ€analysis of psychological interventions in people with diabetes and elevated diabetesâ€distress. Diabetic Medicine, 35(9), 1157-1172.
Wroe, A. L., Rennie, E. W., Sollesse, S., Chapman, J., & Hassy, A. (2018). Is cognitive behavioural therapy focusing on depression and anxiety effective for people with long-term physical health conditions? A controlled trial in the context of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Behavioural and cognitive psychotherapy, 46(2), 129-147.
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