NFDN 1001 Introduction to Nursing

Answer 1

Osmosis is regarded as the continuous movement of solvent molecules from the region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration through the selective permeable membrane (Marbach and Bocquet, 2019). Through the movement of the solvent molecules, equilibrium between the 2 unequal concentrated solution is established. The mechanism of osmosis shown in the video is that, the more concentrated solution was poured in the back and was kept in lower concentrated solution. The two solutions did not have same concentration of the solution as a result of which osmosis took place between the two solutions establishing an equilibrium between the two. Since water in the larger container was of lower concentration, water molecules passed through the semi permeable bag in to fill into it which results from the increasing volume of the hypertonic solution.

In doing so the concentration of the solution in the bag is reduced to maintain isotonic equilibrium with the surrounding solution. Although osmosis can be established by either mixing more salute in the lower concentrated solution or by mixing the solvent in higher concentrated solution. In this case that is observed in the experiment movement of solvent molecules have taken place into the bag consisted of semipermeable membrane to stabilise the tonicity between the two solutions (Roffay et al., 2021). Osmosis helps to drive the water molecules across a semipermeable membrane towards the higher concentration solution from the lower concentration solution which describes the diffusion model of osmosis the experiment. The water rules are diffused from one part to the other crossing across the membrane for establishing equilibrium.

Answer 2

Hypertonic solution can be defined as the solution which contains more concentration of the salutes and lower concentration of the solvent as compared to the other solutions (Fatima et al., 2019).  Hypertonic solution can be regarded as solution with higher concentration done than the standard solution. Hypertonic solution on the other hand can be defined as the solution which contains lesser number of solutes and higher amount of solvent. The concentration of hypertonic solution is lower than that of other solutions. Isotonic solution can we define as the solution which has the same concentration as that of other solutions (Torres et al., 2019). The amount of solute and solvent in isotonic solution is same as compared to other solutions.

If a dialysis tubing bag that is filled with 10% sucrose solution is placed in isotonic solution no movement of the solvent would take place as the tonicity of both the solution is same. Again, if the same dialysis tubing bag is placed in hypertonic solution, solvent from the bag move to the hypertonic solution as the tonicity of it is more than that of the sucrose solution as a result of which the volume of the hypertonic solution will increase and that of the dialysis tubing bag would decrease (Torres et al., 2019). On the other hand, if the dialysis tubing bag filled with 10% sucrose solution is placed in hypotonic solution solvent from that solution will move into the bag to establish an equilibrium between the tonicity of the 2twosolutions (Fatima et al., 2019). As a result of which, the volume of the bag would increase due to the movement of the solvent inside the bag.

Answer 3

IV solutions are regarded as a way for treating patients which are often used for replacing and controlling the body fluid and the electrolyte level (Mercier et al., 2020). The IV solutions are also known as volume expanders. Many patients suffer from loss of body fluid due to excessive internal or external bleeding causing haemorrhage dehydration surgery and severe burns. The isotonic IV solution helps to restore the body fluid by filling the tissue and maintaining fluid volume. Maintaining proper balance of the aqueous solution inside the body is important as several chemical reactions occur inside the body.

In the body, water travels from one part to other by osmosis which depends on concentration of the solute particles in the extracellular fluid as compared to intracellular fluid (Savva, 2019). If extracellular fluid having a higher concentration of salute that is if it is hypertonic, then the intracellular fluid. Solvent that is water would be released from the cell which would cause wrinkle to the cell. Again, if the extracellular fluid concentration is lower that is hypotonic as compared to the intracellular fluid then water would travel inside the cell causing it to swell and finally lysis of it. However, in case of isotonic solution the concentration of the solute of both intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid are equal as a result of which the movement of water molecules in as well as out of the cell maintains equilibrium (Abdessalam, 2019). That is why isotonic IV solutions are used for fluid maintenance and resuscitation.

Different isotonic IV solutions are Normal Saline, Lactated Ringer’s and 0.9% NS, hypertonic IV solutions 3% NS and 5% NS and hypotonic solutions are D₅W and 0.45% NS (Savva, 2019).

Answer 4

Frequently due to several reasons muscles become fatigue which reduces the ability of the person to function properly (Rusdiawan, Sholikhah and Prihatiningsih, 2020) . The major reason for muscle fatigue are as follows:

1. Sometimes due to excessive exercise sufficient amount of oxygen do not reach the cells which causes anaerobic respiration producing lactic acid in the cells. The concentration of lactic acid is increased in the muscle cells it contributes to the cause of muscle fatigue (Nanang et al., 2018).
2. If the amount of energy supplied to the muscle is not enough the muscles start using the stored energy as a result of which it gets eroded and so after some point of time lactic acid is produced as a waste product.

• Another major contributor of the muscle fatigue is the inability of the muscle to respond to the signals received from brain If the concentration of sodium and potassium is not balanced in the muscle transmission of signals do not take place as a result of which the muscles become fatigue (Nanang et al., 2018).

1. Vigorous exercise without proper resting of the muscle might also result from muscle fatigue as it takes longer time for the muscle to maintain its normal functioning as during the exercise the oxygen supply is reduced in the cells (Nanang et al., 2018).

References

Abdessalam, S. (2019, February). Hypotonic versus isotonic maintenance fluid administration in the pediatric surgical patient. In Seminars in Pediatric Surgery (Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 43-46). WB Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2019.01.007

Fatima, N., Mohamed, M. E., De Leon, A., El Beltagi, A., Shuaib, A., & Saqqur, M. (2020). Comparative radiographic factors predicting functional outcome after decompressive craniectomy in severe traumatic brain injury. World Neurosurgery, 138, e876-e882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.03.118

Marbach, S., & Bocquet, L. (2019). Osmosis, from molecular insights to large-scale applications. Chemical Society Reviews, 48(11), 3102-3144. Osmosis, from molecular insights to large-scale applications - Chemical Society Reviews (RSC Publishing)

Mercier, J. C., Titomanlio, L., Basmaci, R., & Gaschignard, J. (2020). Risks of severe hyponatremia in children receiving hypotonic fluids. Archives de Pédiatrie, 27(8), 474-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcped.2020.08.009

Nanang, M., Fuad, N., Didik, R., Topo, S., & Panuwun, J. (2018, October). Effect of alkaline fluids to blood pH and lactic acid changes on sub maximal physical exercise. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 197, No. 1, p. 012049). IOP Publishing. Effect of Alkaline Fluids to Blood pH and Lactic Acid Changes on Sub Maximal Physical Exercise - IOPscience

Roffay, C., Molinard, G., Kim, K., Urbanska, M., Andrade, V., Barbarasa, V., ... & Roux, A. (2021). Passive coupling of membrane tension and cell volume during active response of cells to osmosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(47). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2103228118

Rusdiawan, A., Sholikhah, A. M. A., & Prihatiningsih, S. (2020). The changes in pH levels, blood lactic acid and fatigue index to anaerobic exercise on athlete after NaHCO. Malaysian J Med Health Sci, 16(16), 50-56. 2020123012562711_2020_0786.pdf (upm.edu.my)

Savva, M. (2019). Isotonic Solutions. In Pharmaceutical Calculations (pp. 157-180). Springer, Cham. Isotonic Solutions | SpringerLink

Sweeney, J. (2019). Isotonic solutions are safest IVFs for children, say new guidelines. Pharmacy Today, 25(2), 8. Isotonic solutions are safest IVFs for children, say new guidelines - Pharmacy Today

Torres, S. F., Iolster, T., Schnitzler, E. J., Serrate, A. J. S., Sticco, N. A., & Rivarola, M. R. (2019). Hypotonic and isotonic intravenous maintenance fluids in hospitalised paediatric patients: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Paediatrics Open, 3(1). Original article: Hypotonic and isotonic intravenous maintenance fluids in hospitalised paediatric patients: a randomised controlled trial (nih.gov).

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